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Vaccines against human papillomaviruses-a major breakthrough in cancer prevention. Received: DecemRevised: DecemAccepted: DecemPublished: DecemShow citation Keywords: cancer, prophylactic vaccines, proto-oncogenes RAS and RAF The prophylactic vaccines proposed are aimed at the reduction of the incidence of these and, to a lesser extent, some other cancers. Therefore, the strategy to be used for prophylaxis of CRC is discussed together with several other frequent human cancers, namely lung cancer, pancreatic duct cancer and melanoma. Mutations of two proto-oncogenes, namely RAS and RAF, are involved in the majority of CRC cases and, in addition, they are shared with other human malignancies. CRC is the third most frequent malignancy and the fourth most common cause of cancer mortality. In the present paper this hypothesis is primarily discussed in the relationship with colorectal cancer (CRC), which seems to be a well-fitting candidate for prophylactic vaccination. Followingly, it can be expected that inducing immunity against the mutated epitopes will increase the capacity of the body to deal with the initiated precancerous cells. Recent evidence has indicated that the immune system recognizes such mutated proteins, and that the development of cancer is due to the failure of the immune system to eliminate neoplastic cells. According to the present estimates, these cancers form a great majority of human malignancies. The new knowledge on the interactions between the immune system and the malignant tumors seems to provide means for the development of prophylactic vaccines against cancers developing due to the mutations in the proto-oncogenes converting their products into oncoproteins. Efficient vaccines have been developed and employed for the prophylaxis of two frequent cancers of viral origin, namely cervical cancer and liver cancer. One of the great contributions of the immunotherapeutic approaches is an increasing understanding of the immunology of cancer, which is, gradually creating conditions for the development of prophylactic anti-cancer vaccines. The dramatic progress in tumour biology and immunology in the past several years has opened new avenues for the treatment and prevention of cancer. Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic Institute of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, Emeritus, Prague, Czech Republic 2ĭepartment of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic 3 Cent Eur J Public Health 2021, 29(4):247-258 | DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a7219 Prophylactic vaccines against cancers of non-infectious origin: a dream or a real possibility? Vladimír Vonka 1, Ivan Hirsch 2, 3 1